Power Generation Options

There are many different power generation options, available and useful at varying power tiers. So many options are available that it may be confusing to new players. This page lists many of the most viable power generation options, what tiers they are available and useful at, and how to use them.

NOTE: Late-game power sources are lacking, someone more experienced adding info on fusion and naquadah would be appreciated.

Steam
Steam is the first power source you have access to, and is the fuel for the first Bronze and Steel machines. Upon reaching LV, it is also the starter fuel for generating EU, but it falls off in the next two tiers due to how difficult it becomes to transport a lot of Steam around to match the EU/t demands of your upgraded machines, especially your Electric Blast Furnace.

Production: Steam is produced in many boilers, of various types. All boilers require 1L of water per 150L of steam produced. If a boiler runs out of water, and is then fed more water while it is still hot, it will explode, so make sure you've got enough water production for your boilers! 2L of steam makes 1 EU, multiplied by the efficiency loss of the steam turbine.

The first set of boilers available are the Small Boilers. All of these are available in the Bronze age, and are the backbone of your first machines. Included in this lineup are the Small Coal Boiler, the High Pressure Coal Boiler, the Simple Solar Boiler and the High Pressure Lava Boiler.


 * The Small Coal Boiler is the first boiler available, consuming coal or charcoal, and is not really viable for power production, giving a measly 120 L/s of steam, or 3 EU/t of power, or even less with efficiency losses from turbines.


 * The High Pressure Coal Boiler produces 300 L/s of steam, a much better number, but still only equivalent to 7.5 EU/t. Like the Small Coal Boilers, these run off coal or charcoal.


 * The Simple Solar Boiler produces the same amount of steam, but runs off sunlight, and slowly calcifies, requiring it to be broken and replaced to be restored to its full 120 L/s production.To prevent calcification you can use Distilled Water instead of normal water,which only economical if you making them from distillery tower(HV).


 * The High Pressure Lava Boiler produces 600 L/s of steam, or 15 EU/t, and run off lava. These require a constant source of lava, which is generally not something available at LV, so these are not recommended for use in constant power generation. They have a multiblock upgrade in EV tier, the Large Heat Exchanger, which proves a lot more useful.

GT++ adds Advanced Boilers, which are singleblock machines available in 3 tiers, from LV to HV. These produce 250L/s, 500 L/s, and 750L/s for each tier. They are fairly expensive to make, but are extremely fuel efficient, fit for specific uses such as powering a farm or other small automations. For setups that are running all the time, they become too expensive to be viable.

Next are the Railcraft Boilers, available at the start of LV. These are multiblock boilers, with a 1x1, 2x2, or 3x3 base and up to 5 blocks tall. These consist of a single base layer of Boiler Fireboxes, over which between 1 and 4 layers of boiler tanks are placed, depending on the size (look on the tooltip for a list of viable sizes). The boiler fireboxes determine what fuel is used- Solid Fueled Fireboxes can run on anything that is capable of burning in a furnace, with Charcoal as the most popular option, while Liquid Fueled Fireboxes run off certain flammable liquids (Creosote Oil, Lava and Oil, though of these the only one you'll want to use is probably Creosote). The boiler tanks determine Steam production, warm up time, and fuel consumption- low pressure Boilers warm up faster (although still very slow relative to other boilers) and make 10 L/t of steam per boiler tank present(Note that this is per tick, not per second unlike the GT boilers- multiply this by 20 to get per second), while high pressure Boilers are more expensive, use twice the fuel, warm up much slower, but make 20L/t of steam per boiler tank. Since high pressure tanks aren't any more fuel efficient, warm up much slower, and need steel instead of iron, it's better to use low pressure tanks in nearly all circumstances. Both types of fireboxes are viable, and it's generally best to run a combination of both to fully utilize a coke oven. These can produce anywhere from a tiny 10L/t of steam, or 5 EU/t, up to 360L/t for a max size low pressure or 720L/t for a max size high pressure (180 or 360 EU/t, respectively). The fuel consumption uses a complicated formula; more details here.

Finally, there are the multiblock Large Boilers. The first one, the Large Bronze Boiler, is available at late LV (as soon as you have MV circuits), with an upgrade in the following tier, the Large Steel Boiler. These run off (extremely large quantities of) any furnace fuel or flammable liquid. Running these off liquids is not really viable- Railcraft boilers run off creosote more efficiently, while most any other flammable liquid is better in a generator of some kind. These produce enormous amounts of Steam, 16000L/s (400 EU/t) for a Bronze and 1000 EU/t for a Steel Boiler. They also consume extremely large quantities of fuel, so it's important to automate the inputs from the start. They're extremely good for consuming solid fuel, but Railcraft Boilers are more efficient for using Creosote.

Obtaining Fuel: Boilers require fuel to run, the two most common being Vharcoal and Creosote Oil. These fuels can be obtained from 3 main sources - the Railcraft Coke Oven, which is cheap and obtainable early but very slow, the Advanced Coke Oven which is much faster (90x the speed of the Coke Oven), but more expensive and with no Creosote output, and the Pyrolyse Oven, which is the most Expensive but produces Charcoal and one of several fluids very quickly. Coal Ore, too can be processed in a Sifter to get large amounts of Coal to produce Steam which, and it is actually renenwable from some sources, such as Withereed.

In later tiers, large quantities of Steam or, more specifically, Superheated Steam can be produced by the use a Large heat exchanger fed by lava, which is able be produced infinitely in several ways, the most popular being Everburn Urns from Thaumcraft. Another way to get Superheated Steam is through the Large Titanium Boiler and Large Tungstensteel Boiler, which are built similarly to their earlier counterparts, but run only with specific fuels, mainly the Solid Super Fuels, at a much faster rate.

Used in: Steam turbines. Remember that each steam turbine has an efficiency percentage, which will affect the EU/t values listed above.

Oil
Oil is the most common fuel used LV-HV. It's available mid-LV, and is viable until LuV for power generation and useful for other resources far beyond that. Oil itself is not recommended to be used as a fuel, instead it must be refined. The four main fuels obtained from oil, in order of complexity, are light fuel, diesel, cetane-boosted diesel, and high-octane gasoline. Each one is more oil-efficient, complex, and a higher tier than the last. Oil can also be distilled into various useful chemicals- ethylene for polyethylene, a plastic, toulene for explosives, etc., but this guide is focusing on energy production.

Production: Oil is pumped out of the ground through either pumps on physical oil wells, or oil drilling rigs on bedrock. It is then refined through a process of distillation and refining into four "base" fuels. From there, these base fuels can be cracked, distilled, refined, and mixed into various more complex hydrocarbons or burned directly.

Pumping: There are physical geysers of oil that spawn on the surface. A pump placed on top of these will bring up the oil, which sits in an underground reservoir, when it is fed power and mining pipes. Oil drilling rigs, first available in MV, extract oil from hidden reservoirs under the bedrock, which can be found using prospector's scanners or a seismic prospector.

Distillation and refining: Oil can then be distilled into four primary distillates, in various fractions based on what type of oil it is. A distillery lets you pick one of the four fractions, while a distillation tower creates all four at once. Once the oil has been turned into a fraction, the fraction must be de-sulfurized by mixing it with hydrogen(can be easily obtained by electrolyzing water) in a chemical reactor. The four fractions are light fuel, heavy fuel, naphtha, and refinery gas. Until you obtain a distillation tower, the only two you need to worry about for power generation are light fuel and heavy fuel.

Tiers of Fuel:


 * Light fuel is available at LV as a direct product of oil desulfurization.
 * Diesel is available at MV from mixing light fuel and heavy fuel in a 5:1 ratio.
 * CBD (cetane boosted diesel) is available at HV from mixing diesel with tetranitromethane (made using nitric acid and ethenone in a chemical reactor).
 * HOG (high-octane gasoline) is available at HV in a large chemical reactor with EV power from an extremely complex set of recipes (regular gasoline can be made at HV but isn't worth using). It is not a direct upgrade from CBD, rather it gets it's own processing chain.

Each tier is more complex than the last, but more oil-efficient. Light fuel is still a viable source of power even at EV, but at that point making cetane-boosted diesel will triple your power output per cell. Once you obtain a distillation tower, the naphtha and refinery gas can be steam-cracked or hydro-cracked to obtain more light fuel or heavy fuel, or made into various chemicals for use in other applications.

CBD can be used until LuV, but a significant amount of large combustion engines need to be built to use CBD beyond IV. Note that only HOG can be burned in the ECE (extreme combustion engine, the IV multiblock combustion generator that produces 1A of LuV when boosted), which allows oil to be used until late LuV/early ZPM.

Used in: Combustion generators

Bio Diesel
Bio diesel is a renewable combustion generator fuel made primarily from plants. It has three ingredients and, like regular diesel, can be cetane-boosted for better efficiency. It can be made in LV, but most methods of farming it in decent quantities require MV.

Production: Bio diesel is made out of seed oil or fish oil, ethanol or methanol, and sodium hydroxide.

Seed oil can be obtained from most plants, but the best candidates are peanuts or sesame seeds from Pam's Harvestcraft, or hazelnuts from Extra Trees(Forestry addon). The best ways to farm these are generally the Forestry multifarm or the Ender IO Farming Station. To obtain seed oil, place these in a fluid extractor. Fish oil can be obtained from fish, which can be obtained in bulk from GT++ Fish Catchers or the GT++ Fishing Port multiblock.

Ethanol can be made from distilling forestry biomass (more efficient) or fermented biomass. These can be obtained by compressing plants into plantballs, making that into bio chaff, and putting the bio chaff into either a brewing machine, fluid canning machine, or pyrolyse oven (in order of efficiency) and fermenting, or by putting the bio chaff into a chemical bath to make mulch, and putting that into a brewing machine or pyrolyse oven. Methanol can be made from carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide plus hydrogen in a chemical reactor, or distilled from fermented biomass. It's less efficient than ethanol to make from biomass, but can be made from chemicals.

Sodium hydroxide can be made by distilling salt water, or by mixing sodium and water in a chemical reactor. It's the hardest to make renewable, since you need sodium or salt, but you only need small quantities of it (one dust can make 54 cells of bio diesel)

These 3 ingredients are then mixed together in a chemical reactor. From there, it can be burned directly or, once HV is reached, mixed with tetranitromethane(nitric acid and ethenone in a chemical reactor) to get cetane-boosted diesel.

Used in: Combustion generators

Benzene
Benzene is another renewable fuel, made from charcoal and wood tar in a pyrolyse oven and later in a ICO (Industrial Coke Oven). It is fairly simple to make, but requires several fluid extractors to run at max speed. It is first available at MV, requiring an MV distillery to obtain it from Wood Tar, and it gets significantly stronger in EV when ICO and multiblock turbines become avaliable. Benzene is viable until LuV+ (you can even use it all the way to UHV if you spam enough XL turbines).

The first step is creating Wood Tar and Charcoal from wood. Then send all the outgoing Charcoal to Fluid Extractors to be made into more Wood Tar, then send all of that into an MV Distillery to be made into Benzene. After having reached HV, the Distillery can be replaced with a Distillation Tower, which outputs Toluene, Phenol, Dimethylbenzene and Creosote alongside the Benzene. The first two are good fuels as well, alongside being useful for other chemistry.

Nitrobenzene is a upgrade from benzene and can be produced in a gt++ chemical plant (there is a recipe in the large chemical reactor but it should not be used if nitrobenzene is for powergen). While it appears to be a significant upgrade from benzene, it is not very popular as it reduces the ease of scalability of benzene.

Warning: XL Gas turbines might no longer accept benzene in future versions. The last version that is confirmed not to contain this change is 2.3.3.

Used in: Gas turbines

Solar Panels
Solar panels are available in tiers from 1 EU/t all the way up to UV. Creating a solar panel of a given tier requires you to be 2 tiers higher than the panel (i.e. to make a LV panel you need to be HV). Solars are a viable power source from MV up to UV, but are never a main power source due to the tier requirement, however they can nicely help your regular power gen, especially in operations that need to be running all the time.

Production: Solars are crafted first in the regular crafting grid, then in the Avaritia Dire Crafting Table. Panels are quite expensive to make up for not needing fuel.

Generation: After being made, solar panels can be turned into a singleblock to place down, or placed as a cover on a machine. Solars need periodic cleaning by right-clicking (can be done by golems), but require no fuel of any kind.

A spreadsheet has been made to list all items needed to create an UV Solar Panel and an Octuple Compressed Solar.

Nuclear Reactors
They're available starting in EV, and are pretty good. See the Nuclear Reactors page for details.

Kinetic Wind and Water Generators
Main Article: Kinetic_Generators

Kinetic Wind and Water Generators from IC2 open up after the moon. They need Titanium and Platinum cables (and tons of other resources). You also need a Kinetic Gearbox Rotor. Here, many options are available from IC2 and GT++. Their main differences lie in cost, durability and the power output. The Iridium rotor from GT++ has the highest output and is also unbreakable, you will never have to replace it.

These generators don't produce EU directly, they generate KU, which needs to be fed into a Kinetic Generator. If you put in a rotor, you will see it appear on the side with the black dot, the Kinetic Generator goes onto the opposite side (black ring with silver dot). The Kinetic Generator itself is sided too, its side with the black dot needs to face the Wind or Water Generator. It will generate 1 EU/t for every 4 KU input. You can pull the power out using GT cables, but only 1A per side. With better rotors, a Kinetic Generator can produce more than 1A of its tier, so you have to pull power from more than one side to not waste anything. It is safe to connect cables of the generators tier, even when it produces more energy. The best height for Wind generators is at y-level 160, but you can use the Windmeter to check it yourself. Rotors can't overlap with other Kinetic Generators. Obviously, water turbines need to have submerged rotors and they only work in Ocean and River biomes. More information can be found on the IC2-wiki at https://wiki.industrial-craft.net/index.php?title=Kinetic_Wind_Generator and https://wiki.industrial-craft.net/index.php?title=Kinetic_Water_Generator.

Be careful, while IC2 machines don't mind the rain, your GT battery buffers and transformers will, so remember to build a roof above them.

The Kinetic Generators from IC2 output HV. There are upgraded versions available from the Compact Kinetic Wind and Water Generators mod. So the Low generators are EV, Medium IV, High LuV and Extreme ZPM.

Enriched Naquadah/Naquadria Reactors
Single block naquadah reactors produce large amounts of power at a constant eu/t, as stated on the machine's tooltip. These drain power depending by depleting tiberium/enriched naquadah/naquadria screw/rods/long rods into normal naquadah screws/rods/long rods, converting it into an internal buffer that is drained at a constant eu/t. The efficiency of the machine multiplies the EU potential of the rod, giving the true energy per item. They are best for remote mining drills and should not be used as a main source of power.

Multiblock naquadah reactors, while also being called naquadah reactor, are completely different from single block. They consume nuclear based fuels for breeding and naquadah based fuels for power generation. There are five tiers of naquadah fuel, with the MK1 and MK2 fuels made in fusion reactor and chemical reactor and avaliable in UV. Naquadah fuels starting from MK3 are made in the naquadah fuel refinery, a multiblock avaliable in UHV. Naquadah reactors also consumes liquid air and accepts coolants and excited liquids to boost output. Coolants boost efficiency (extra power output without extra fuel) and avaliable ones are: IC2 coolant: 105% efficiency, super coolant: 150% efficiency, Cryotheum: 275%. In practice cryotheum should be used. Excited liquids boost fuel consumption (and providing extra power output) and avaliable ones are: molten caesium: 2x, molten U-235: 3x, molten naquadah: 4x, molten atomic seperation catalyst: 16x.

Naquadah reactors are considered to be weaker than plasmas turbines, but this might change with future rebalances.

Fusion and Plasma
Fusion is unlocked in late LuV, opening the gate to ZPM and also to very powerful power generation. The Fusion Reactor is needed to create some new materials, but the plasma itself can give out a lot of EU if processed in the right machines. Not all the outputs of the reactor are plasmas, but the ones that are can all be used to generate power. Fusion reactors have unique 2/2 overclocks per tier.

The reactor itself needs a large, initial EU input to start working, and then needs additional energy while it processes the inputs into the outputs. If it ever stops, it will need the initial EU again to resume working. After getting it to work, the plasma can be moved into one of several machines. Plasma turbines converts it directly to EU and also outputs the molten version of the material that the plasma was made of. Large plasma turbine is avaliable in LuV and XL plasma turbine is avaliable in ZPM. Large plasma turbine does not accept tectech dynamo hatches while XL one does. Instead of this, the EHE(Extreme Heat Exchanger) can also be used to generate supercritical steam from the plasma, adding another step to the process but triples the fuel efficiency. While the EHE appears to be the superior option, it does not scale well, so it is only recommended to company regular fusion reactors and not compact fusion reactors.

Plasmas that are commonly used for power generation are helium and tin plasma. Helium plasma produces 2,560,000 EU/t on a MK3 reactor (before turbine and EHE efficicency) and is generally preferred due the source materials (Helium-3 and Deterium) being easily obtainable. Tin plasma produces 5,480,928 EU/t on a MK3 reactor and has the advantage of higher energy output and higher energy density (which is proportional to maximum processing capability of EHE).

Warning: XL Plasma turbines might be changed significantly in future versions, and harsh penalties will be applied to plasmas with low energy density that runs through good turbine blades. The last version that is confirmed not to contain this change is 2.3.3.

Compressed Solars
Compressed Solars are the ultimate endgame power generation. They are compressed, and as such have exponentially expensive recipes. They are also TC-gated, and require tons of essentia. In exchange, they produce insane amounts of power, a single aqua infused Octuple Solar produces 600 million eu/t under the right conditions. These also have the added bonus of being very TPS efficient, which is very important late game.

The first tier solar requires 8 1 volt solars in the alchemist crafting table, second tier requires 8 single compressed, etc. Starting from triple onwards, it will require infusion. Read the Infusion automation guide for help on automating these solars. The maximum tier is 8 (Octuple), and requires 16777216 1 volt solars, which breaks down to this in raw materials