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<div align="justify">
<big>'''THIS SITE IS STILL WORK IN PROGRESS (WIP)'''</big>
The '''Energy Unit''' (EU) is GregTech's measure of electricity. EU is used to power [[GregTech]], [[IC2]], and [[Applied Energistics 2]] machines. It is also compatible with machines that accept [[Redstone Flux]] (RF) power, converting at a rate of 1 EU to 3.6 RF. RF cannot convert to EU.


GregTech machines and cables often do not interact with raw EU, but rather EU organized with the system of '''Voltage''' (Volts, V) and '''Amperage''' (Amps, A).
Since version 5.0 (for Minecraft 1.7.2) GregTech has its own Energy System since GregoriusT wasn't satisfied with [[IC2 Experimental]]'s Energy System.


'''EU/t''' is a unit describing an amount of EU produced, moved, or consumed in a tick.
{{Quotation|The reasons of why I removed compatibility to the IC² Enet are that Cable Loss doesn't work, that the Network doesn't have Packets anymore and that it switched from Integer to Double (what is horrible for larger Energy Storages). Not to mention that it is very hard to have control over Energy flow without constantly registering and unregistering TileEntities.|GregoriusT}}

==Voltage and Amperage==
GregTech uses the terms ''Voltage'' (V) and ''Amperage'' (A) to describe its new Power system. One "Amp" is roughly the same as one EU Packet from IC2, and "Voltage" is the size of that packet.

EU/t is the total EU received. For example, if a machine receives one 32V packet and another 24V packet, the total EU/t received is 32 + 24 = 56 EU/t.


=== Quick Tip ===
Unlike the IC2 energy system, all GregTech energy-interacting blocks have limits on both the Voltage and the Amperage they can interact with.
* If you have X generators of [[Tier]] Y, use cables that can handle X Amperes of Tier Y.


== Voltage and Amperage ==
Different machine blocks accept and emit different Amperages.
'''Voltages''' describe certain constants which are EU limits, and determine the Voltage [[Tier|Tiers]].
* GregTech [[GT5U_Transformer|Transformers]] will input 4A and output 1A if used to step-up Voltages; they will input 1A and output 4A if used to step-down.
* [[Battery Buffer|Battery Buffers]] input 2A per Battery and output 1A per Battery.
* [[Battery Charger|Battery Chargers]] input 8A per Battery and output 4A per Battery.
* [[Chest Buffer|Chest Buffers]] and [[Super Buffer|Super Buffers]] accept 2A.
* [[Energy Hatch|Energy Hatches]] accept 2A input.
* [[GT5U Mass Fabricator|Mass Fabricators]] accept 10A input.
* [[Microwave Energy Transmitter|Microwave Energy Transmitters]] accept 3A input.
* [[Monster Repellator|Monster Repellators]], [[GT5U Pump|Pumps]], and [[GT5U Teleporter|Teleporters]] accept 2A input.
* All other [[EU]] accepting machine blocks accept at least 1A, depending on recipe: The amperage is equal to twice the recipe's EU usage, divided by the machine's voltage input, rounded down and added to 1.
** An LV Centrifuge performing a 5 EU recipe accepts 1A
** An LV Chemical Reactor performing a 30EU recipe accepts 2A
** An LV Arc Furnace performing a 96EU recipe accepts 7A
* Generators output 1A.


'''Amps''' are packets, packages, or containers of EU. Amps are also often labeled with a voltage, to indicate how much EU they carry. A label indicates the amp holds anywhere from 1 more than the previous tier's EU limit to this tier's EU limit. For example, 1 LV Amp carries 9-32 EU (often 1-32 as ULV machines don't exist), and 1 MV Amp carries 33-128 EU.
<!--T:8-->
You do need to be careful when trying to power machines:
*'''Machines that get a higher Voltage than they can handle explode.''' Machines will not receive voltage until they need it, so the machine may not actually explode until it begins working!
*'''Excess Amperes fed into machines have no effect as long as the voltage is below the machines' limit.''' A machine will not draw current unless it needs power, and it will not draw fractions of an ampere. This makes machines self-regulating with regards to power.


=== Voltage Tiers ===
<!--T:9-->
''Main Article: [[Tier]]''
Machines and recipes each have voltage tiers. The tier of a Multiblock Machine is determined by its {{L|Energy Hatch|Energy Hatches}}. Machine and recipe tiers do interact, and must be paid attention to.
<!--GregTech: New Horizons has 9 finished Voltage Tiers as of version 2.0.2.5, it also has 3 Voltage Tier partial finished voltage levels(*) and 4 not reachable voltage levels(**).-->


GregTech tiers its progression by different voltages. The voltage of a [[Generator]] (or for a multiblock generator, its [[Dynamo Hatch]]) determines the maximum amount of EU it will generate and put in each generated amp. '''The voltage of a singleblock machine or [[Energy Hatch]] determines the maximum amount of EU that can be present in any drawn amp before the machine explodes.''' The minimum voltage tier of a machine to process a recipe is listed next to the usage or voltage in [[NEI]].
<!--T:10-->
* If a recipe has a minimum required voltage within a '''higher''' tier than that of the machine, the recipe cannot be carried out.
* If a recipe has a minimum required voltage within the '''same''' tier as the machine, the recipe functions normally.
* If a recipe has a minimum required voltage within a '''lower''' tier than that of the machine, the recipe is overclocked. Overclocked recipes are carried out at double normal speed, double normal total energy, and thus quadruple normal energy per tick.
Recipes can be overclocked multiple times if a machine is more than one tier above a recipe's tier.


The EU Limit of each subsequent tier is usually 4 times the previous.
<!--T:11-->
GregTech has 10 Voltage Tiers as of version 5.0.


Note: When used as numbers in calculations, ULV Tier counts as Tier 0, LV Tier counts as Tier 1, and so on.
<!--T:12-->
{| {{STDT|sortable c_01}}
Note: ULV Tier counts as Tier 0.
! Acronym !! Voltage Tier !! EU Limit
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Short!!Full!!Maximum Voltage
|-
|-
!ULV
|ULV||Ultra Low Voltage||8
|Ultra Low Voltage||8
|-
|-
!LV
|LV||Low Voltage||32
|Low Voltage||32
|-
|-
!MV
|MV||Medium Voltage||128
|Medium Voltage||128
|-
|-
!HV
|HV||High Voltage||512
|High Voltage||512
|-
|-
!EV
|EV||Extreme Voltage||2048
|Extreme Voltage||2,048
|-
|-
!IV
|IV||Insane Voltage||8192
|Insane Voltage||8,192
|-
|-
!LuV
|LuV||Ludicrous Voltage||32768
|Ludicrous Voltage||32,768
|-
|-
!ZPM
|ZPMV||ZPM Voltage||131072
|ZPM Voltage||131,072
|-
|-
!UV
|UV||Ultimate Voltage||524288
|Ultimate Voltage||524,288
|-
|-
!UHV
|MaxV||Maximum Voltage||2147483647
|Highly Ultimate Voltage||2,097,152
|-
!UEV
|Extremely Ultimate Voltage||8,388,608
|-
!UIV
|Insanely Ultimate Voltage||33,554,432
|-
!UMV
|Mega Ultimate Voltage||134,217,728
|-
!UXV
|Extended Mega Ultimate Voltage||536,870,912
|-
!MAX
|Maximum Voltage||2,147,483,640
|}
|}

=== Amperage ===
Amps are pushed, not pulled. "Drawn" is synonymous with "accepted" here.

Machines and energy hatches can only draw amps in full to fill their internal EU buffers. The capacity of the internal buffer is listed as "Capacity:" in the machine's or hatch's tooltip. When processing a recipe, a machine will draw from its internal buffer. The current contents of the internal buffer can be checked with the [[Portable Scanner]].

The maximum amount of amps a machine can draw is either listed on its tooltip or recipe-dependent. A machine can draw up to a maximum of <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{2 \times \text{Recipe Usage EU/t}}{\text{Voltage Tier EU Limit}}} \right\rfloor + 1</math> amps to fill its internal buffer. This means that if the machine isn't processing a recipe, it will draw 1 amp to refill the internal buffer. Recipe amperages listed in [[NEI]] are a recommended number to fill the internal buffer at a rate that breaks even against usage.

Several common amperages of GregTech machines can be found in the table below. "Drawing" means "draws up to", unless otherwise stated.

Output amps contain the maximum EU for the outputting machine's voltage tier.

{| {{STDT|c_01}}
! Machine !! Notes
|-
| Singleblock [[Generator|Generators]] || Output 1A of its tier
|-
| [[Energy Hatch|Energy Hatches]] || Draws 2A (second amp mostly for extra draw for loss)
|-
| [[Transformer|Transformers]] Step-Up || Draws 4A lower voltage, outputs 1A higher voltage
|-
| [[Transformer|Transformers]] Step-Down || Draws 1A higher voltage, outputs 4A lower voltage
|-
| [[Battery Buffer|Battery Buffers]] || Draws 2A per Battery, outputs 1A per Battery.
|-
| [[Battery Charger|Battery Chargers]] || Draws 4-8A per Battery, outputs 2-4A per Battery correspondingly.
|-
| [[Arc Furnace]] || Most recipes require 3A to break even against EU/t usage
|-
| [[Thermal Centrifuge]] || Most recipes require 2A to break even against EU/t usage
|}

== Overclocking ==
''Main Article: [[Overclock]]''

Machines of higher tiers can receive overclocks to speed up their recipes.

Regular overclocks double the recipe's speed and total EU consumption, leading to quadrupled EU/t usage. For this reason, overclocking is also called 2/4 overclocking.

A perfect overclock instead quadruples the recipe's speed while keeping the total EU consumption the same. This still leads to quadrupled EU/t usage. For this reason, perfect overclocking is also called 4/4 overclocking.

Machines typically receive one overclock per voltage tier above the minimum required for a recipe.

Singleblock machines can only ever regular overclock.

Multiblock machines perfect overclock on a case-by-case basis; their tooltips contain information on how to achieve perfect overclocks or upgrade overclocks to perfect overclocks. If no information is mentioned, they will regular overclock.

Multiblocks with two energy hatches of the same voltage will always draw 4A to overclock a recipe to a tier higher than the energy hatch voltage (since 4A of the lower voltage contains the same EU as 1A of the higher voltage). This also allows them to run recipes with a minimum requirement of that higher voltage tier.


==Cables and Loss== <!--T:13-->
==Cables and Loss== <!--T:13-->
''Main Article: [[Cable]]''


GregTech EU can be transferred using GregTech [[Cables]].
<!--T:14-->
Given that GregTech has its own power system now, you will need to use GT cables for powering GT machines. '''Do note that the only machine capable of accepting IC2 EU in GT is the [[GT5U Transformer|Transformer}}''' (Not to be confused with the IC2 Transformer).


Rather than priority by destination, power priority is given by cardinal direction. Cables will push power in the following priority:
<!--T:15-->
All GT Cables have a max Voltage, max Amperage and a Loss:
*'''Cables that get packets higher than their maximum Voltage will catch fire and melt.'''
*'''Cables that have more Amperes travelling through them than their maximum Amperage limit will catch fire and melt.'''<br />Do note that packets can rebound. Even if the logical path that a packet dictates that EU should not travel in that direction, you should not take for granted that your cables will not have some stray EU packets travelling through them.
*'''The loss of a cable is per Block a EU package travels.'''<br />For example a 32V package is sent trough a Tin Cable which has a loss of 1EU per block to a machine 8 blocks away.<br />After 8 blocks of cables the 32V Package is down to 24V when it arrives at the machine. Should the machine need for example 30EU/t to operate. A second package sent in the same tick is needed every 4 Ticks. Thus a 2A supply is needed for the machine with this setup.<br />Cable losses are applied to each EU Package, netting you a 2x power loss.


# Down
<!--T:16-->
# Up
Each Material has 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x 12x and 16x uninsulated Wires and 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x and 12x Insulated Cables.
# North
# South
# West
# East


When producing power, each generator will always attempt to empty all of its internal buffer at once. This can cause one generator in a cable network to use fuel more rapidly than another, with order depending on tile entity processing and changing on chunk reloads.<!--T:15-->
<!--T:17-->

'''Do note that Uninsulated Wires have 2x the loss as Insulated Cables.'''
All GT Cables have a max Voltage, max Amperage and a Loss/Meter/Ampere, indicated on their tooltip:
*'''Cables which receive amps containing more EU than their maximum Voltage will catch fire and melt.'''
*'''Cables that have more amps travelling through them than their maximum Amperage limit will catch fire and melt.'''<br />Note that machines can request [[Electricity#Voltage and Amperage|more Amperage]] than strictly required by their active recipe.
*Each amp travelling through a cable loses EU per block travelled. The amount of EU lost is indicated by the Loss/Meter/Ampere number.

<!--T:16-->
Each Material has 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, and 16x uninsulated Wires. Most of these have cable variants, except for the superconductor wires, graphene wires, and Infinity wire. '''Note that Uninsulated Wires have twice the Loss/Meter/Ampere as Insulated Cables.'''


<!--T:18-->
<!--T:18-->
Here is an example:
For example:
* A 1x Tin Cable can handle 1A and 32V at a loss of 1V/m. This means that the EU packet can travel 32 blocks before it dies.
* A 1x Tin Cable can handle 1A containing 32EU at a loss of 1 EU-Volt/Meter/Ampere. This means that 1 amp can travel 32 blocks before it dies.
* A 1x Tin Wire can handle 1A and 32V at a loss of 2V/m. In this case, the EU can travel 16 blocks only.
* A 1x Tin Wire can handle 1A containing 32EU at a loss of 2 EU-Volt/Meter/Ampere. In this case, the amp can travel 16 blocks only.


<!--T:19-->
<!--T:19-->
Below is a table of the current properties of various types of cables in GregTech:
Below is a table of the current properties of various types of cables in GregTech:
{| {{STDT|sortable c_01}}

! Material !! Max Voltage (EU) !! 1x Insulated Cable Max Amperage (Amp) !! Loss/Meter/Amp (EU) !! Length until 0 Power (Meter)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Material !!Max Voltage !!1x Insulated Cable Max Amp !!Loss/m/amp/tick in EU !! Efficiency compared to Tin Wire !! Length until 0 Power !! Most efficient number of Cables between Batteries
|-
|-
! Tin
| Tin || 32 || 1 || 1 || 1.00 || 32 || 5.906
| 32 || 1 || 1 || 32
|-
|-
! Cobalt
| Cobalt || 32 || 2 || 2 || 0.50 || 16 || 0
| 32 || 2 || 2 || 16
|-
|-
! Lead
| Lead || 32 || 2 || 2 || 0.50 || 16 || 0
| 32 || 2 || 2 || 16
|-
|-
! Zinc
| Zinc || 32 || 1 || 1 || 1.00 || 32 || 5.906
| 32 || 1 || 1 || 32
|-
|-
| Soldering Alloy || 32 || 1 || 1 || 1.00 || 32 || 5.906
! Soldering Alloy
| 32 || 1 || 1 || 32
|-
|-
! Iron
| Iron || 128 || 2 || 3 || 1.33 || 43 || 3.970
| 128 || 2 || 3 || 43
|-
|-
! Nickel
| Nickel || 128 || 3 || 3 || 1.33 || 43 || 3.970
| 128 || 3 || 3 || 43
|-
|-
| Cupronickel || 128 || 2 || 3 || 1.33 || 43 || 3.970
! Cupronickel
| 128 || 2 || 3 || 43
|-
|-
! Copper
| Copper || 128 || 1 || 2 || 2.00 || 64 || 9.151
| 128 || 1 || 2 || 64
|-
|-
| Annealed Copper || 128 || 1 || 1 || 4.00 || 128 || 23.12
! Annealed Copper
| 128 || 1 || 1 || 128
|-
|-
! Kanthal
| Kanthal || 512 || 4 || 3 || 5.33 || 171 || 20.81
| 512 || 4 || 3 || 171
|-
|-
! Gold
| Gold || 512 || 3 || 2 || 8.00 || 256 || 34.48
| 512 || 3 || 2 || 256
|-
|-
! Electrum
| Electrum || 512 || 2 || 2 || 8.00 || 256 || 34.48
| 512 || 2 || 2 || 256
|-
|-
! Silver
| Silver || 512 || 1 || 1 || 16.00 || 512 || 74.96
| 512 || 1 || 1 || 512
|-
|-
| Blue Alloy || 512 || 2 || 1 || 16.00 || 512 || 74.96
! Blue Alloy
| 512 || 2 || 1 || 512
|-
|-
! Energetic Alloy
| Nichrome || 2048 || 3 || 4 || 16.00 || 512 || 50.63
| 512 || 2 || 2 || 256
|-
|-
! Nichrome
| Steel || 2048 || 2 || 2 || 32.00 || 1024 || 109.8
| 2,048 || 3 || 4 || 512
|-
|-
! Steel
| Tungstensteel || 2048 || 3 || 2 || 32.00 || 1024 || 109.8
| 2,048 || 2 || 2 || 1024
|-
|-
! Black Steel
| Tungsten || 2048 || 4 || 2 || 32.00 || 1024 || 109.8
| 2,048 || 3 || 2 || ?
|-
|-
! Titanium
| Aluminium || 2048 || 1 || 1 || 64.00 || 2048 || 227.8
| 2,048 || 4 || 2 || ?
|-
|-
! TPV-Alloy
| Graphene*/** || 8192 || 1 || 1 || 256.00 || 8192 || 671.7
| 2,048 || 6 || 1 || ?
|-
|-
! Vibrant Alloy
| Osmium || 8192 || 4 || 2 || 128.00 || 4096 || 330.2
| 2,048 || 4 || 2 || ?
|-
|-
! Aluminium
| Platinum || 8192 || 2 || 1 || 256.00 || 8192 || 671.7
| 2,048 || 1 || 1 || 2048
|-
|-
! Graphene*
| Naquadah || 32768 || 4 || 1 || 1,024.00 || 32768 || 1948.8
| 8,192 || 1 || 2 || 8192
|-
|-
! Osmium
| Niobium-Titanium || 32768 || 4 || 2 || 512.00 || 16384 || 966.5
| 8,192 || 4 || 2 || 4096
|-
|-
! Platinum
| Vanadium-Gallium || 32768 || 4 || 2 || 512.00 || 16384 || 966.5
| 8,192 || 2 || 1 || 8192
|-
|-
! Tungstensteel
| Yttrium Barium Cuprate || 32768 || 4 || 4 || 256.00 || 8192 || 475.2
| 8,192 || 3 || 2 || ?
|-
|-
! Tungsten
| Red Alloy || 8 || 1 || 0 || inf. || inf. || inf.
| 8,192 || 2 || 2 || ?
|-
|-
! Melodic Alloy
| Superconductor* || 2<sup>31</sup>-1 || 4 || 1 || 2<sup>28</sup> || 2<sup>31</sup>-1 || N/A
| 8,192 || 4 || 2 || 4096
|-
! HSS-G
| 32,768 || 4 || 2 || 16384
|-
! Niobium-Titanium
| 32,768 || 4 || 2 || 16384
|-
! Vanadium-Gallium
| 32,768 || 4 || 2 || 16384
|-
! Yttrium Barium Cuprate
| 32,768 || 4 || 4 || 8192
|-
! Stellar Alloy
| 32,768 || 6 || 4 || ?
|-
! HSS-E
| 32,768 || 6 || 2 || ?
|-
! Osmiridium
| 32,768 || 8 || 1 || ?
|-
! Naquadah
| 131,072 || 2 || 2 || ?
|-
! Trinium
| 131,072 || 6 || 4 || ?
|-
! Signalium
| 131,072 || 12 || 4 || ?
|-
! Naquadah Alloy
| 524,288 || 2 || 4 || ?
|-
! Duranium
| 524,288 || 1 || 8 || ?
|-
! Fluxed Electrum
| 524,288 || 3 || 1 || ?
|-
! Lumiium
| 524,288 || 8 || 16 || ?
|-
! Ichorium*
| 2,097,152 || 12 || 2 || ?
|-
! Bedrockium
| 2,097,152 || 2 || 1 || ?
|-
! HSS-S
| 2,097,152 || 6 || 4 || ?
|-
! Draconium
| 8,388,608 || 8 || 4 || ?
|-
! Nether Star
| 33,554,432 || 4 || 4 || ?
|-
! Hypogen
| 33,554,432 || 8 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Quantium
| 134,217,728 || 2 || 4 || ?
|-
! Black Plutonium*
| 536,870,912 || 1 || 16 || ?
|-
! Awakened Draconium
| 2,147,483,640 || 1 || 16 || ?
|-
! Red Alloy
| 8 || 1 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Redstone Alloy
| 32 || 1 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor MV*
| 128 || 4 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor HV*
| 512 || 6 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor EV*
| 2,048 || 8 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor IV*
| 8,192 || 12 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor LuV*
| 32,768 || 16 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor ZPM*
| 131,072 || 24 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor UV*
| 524,288 || 32 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor UHV*
| 2,097,152 || 48 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor UEV*
| 8,388,608 || 64 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor UIV*
| 33,554,432 || 64 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor UMV*
| 134,217,728 || 64 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Infinity
| 2,147,483,640 || 8,192 || 0 || inf.
|-
! SpaceTime
| 2,147,483,640 || 1,000,000 || 0 || inf.
|-
! Superconductor Base MV*
| 128 || 1 || 2 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base HV*
| 512 || 2 || 8 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base EV*
| 2,048 || 3 || 16 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base IV*
| 8,192 || 4 || 64 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base LuV*
| 32,768 || 6 || 256 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base ZPM*
| 131,072 || 8 || 1,024 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base UV*
| 524,288 || 12 || 4,096 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base UHV*
| 2,097,152 || 16 || 16,384 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base UEV*
| 8,388,608 || 24 || 65,536 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base UIV*
| 33,554,432 || 32 || 262,144 || ?
|-
! Superconductor Base UMV*
| 134,217,728 || 32 || 1,048,576 || ?
|}
|}


(*) No insulated version
<!--T:96-->
(*No insulated Cable version)
(**No crafting recipe yet)


Superconductors start from MV, and their amperages vary per tier.
<!--T:21-->
'''Also any GT Block and Battery outputting Energy has an energy loss on output.''' This means there is no such thing as lossless cables in GregTech.


== Multi-Amp Generation ==
<!--T:22-->
''Main Article: [[Dynamo Hatch]]''
A power outputting machine will take (8 * 4 ^ Tier) + (2 ^ Tier) EU from its storage and output only (8 * 4 ^ Tier) EU.
The energy lost is therefore (2 ^ Tier).


[[Multiblock]] Generators use [[Dynamo Hatch|Dynamo Hatches]] to output power. These come in 1A, 4A, 16A, and 64A variants. These generators will always attempt to fill existing generated amps with EU before generating more amps.
<!--T:23-->
An example:<br />Say a turbine is supposed to output 32V.
<br />output = 32 = (8 * 4 ^ ''Tier'').
<br />Solving for ''Tier'' gives you 1. The energy loss will then be (2 ^ ''Tier''). In this case it is 2.


== Output Loss ==
<!--T:24-->
<!--T:21-->
'''So the turbine takes 34 EU from its storage, voids 2 EU per packet and then outputs 32 EU.'''
{{Cleanup|Verify this loss mechanic still exists in 2.6.1}}

Any GT Block outputting EU has an energy loss on output. This means there is no such thing as lossless power transfer. A power outputting singleblock will take <math>8\times4^{tier}+2^{max(0, tier-1)}</math> EU from its internal buffer and output <math>8\times4^{tier}</math> EU (which is always the maximum EU one amp of that voltage tier can hold). For example, a [[LV]] [[Combustion Generator]] draws 33 EU from its internal buffer to generate 1 amp holding 32 EU. The energy lost is therefore <math>2^{max(0, tier-1)}</math>. ULV is an exception, having the same loss value as LV, i.e. 1 EU.
<!--T:25-->
Here is a table documenting some of the cable properties in GregTech:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| {{STDT|c_01 sortable}}
!Tier !! Output !! Loss !!Loss in % !!Energy used
! Tier !! Output (EU) !! Loss (EU) !! Loss (%) !! Internal Buffer Consumption (EU)
|-
|-
! ULV
|ULV || 8 || 1 || 12.5 || 9
| 8 || 1 || 12.5 || 9
|-
|-
! LV
|LV || 32 || 2 || 6.25 || 34
| 32 || 1 || 3.0303 || 33
|-
|-
! MV
|MV || 128 || 4 || 3.125 || 132
| 128 || 2 || 1.5384 || 130
|-
|-
! HV
|HV || 512 || 8 || 1.5625 || 520
| 512 || 4 || 0.77519|| 516
|-
|-
! EV
|EV || 2048 || 16 || 0.78125 || 2064
| 2048 || 8 || 0.38911 || 2056
|-
|-
! IV
|IV || 8192 || 32 || 0.390625 || 8224
| 8192 || 16 || 0.19493 || 8208
|-
|-
! LuV
|LuV || 32768 || 64 || 0.1953125 || 32832
| 32768 || 32 || 0.097561 || 32800
|-
|-
! ZPM
|ZPMV || 131072 || 128 || 0.09765625 || 131200
| 131072 || 64 || 0.048804 || 131136
|-
|-
! UV
|UV || 524288 || 256 || 0.048828125 || 524544
| 524288 || 128 || 0.024408 || 524416
|}
|}

<!--T:111-->
'''Optimal Cable length between Batteries for maximum efficiency.'''

<!--T:112-->
The EU loss of GregTech Cables and Batteries scales linearly with the number of sequential Cables and the number of Batteries, but since voltage is topped up at every battery there will be a loss that is increasing exponentially for every identical segment of a Battery and x-number of Cable links. This exponential loss from more batteries also reduces the impact of the linear loss, but this ofc comes at the cost of more exponential loss.
This means that there must exist a sweet spot, because with short segments the extra exponential loss of more segments will be more detrimental to the efficiency than the linear loss from making each segment longer, for long segments this will be reversed. So lets do the math!

<!--T:113-->
Lets first define our terms, a segment is the length of a Battery plus a number of sequential Cables.
The efficiency of such a segment will be (8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T).
T is the tier (ULV is tier 0, LV is tier 1 and so on).
L is the loss of the cable in voltage/meter/ampere.
D is the distance of the segment, so the length of the Cables plus the battery.

<!--T:114-->
But this is no good since we want to figure out the optimal length when there is an element of exponential decline that we haven't accounted for. We do this by making an expression of how much efficiency we get in each single block if there was a uniform exponential decline over the whole segment. This turns out to be ((8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T))^(1 / D).

<!--T:115-->
We now take the derivative of that expression with respect to D to get how the efficiency changes when we change the length of the segments, when we do this we get such a ghastly monstrosity that not even WolframAlpha can deal with it algebraically. But this wont stop us on our quest for efficiency! Lets solve it numerically!

<!--T:116-->
Step 1: go to http://www.wolframalpha.com/ because we are lazy. Step 2: Enter "(d/dD) ((8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T))^(1 / D) = 0, T=<Insert tier here>, L=<Insert Cable loss here>". It will solve the problem numerically for each separate case. So if you want to know the optimal length of Annealed Copper Cable between your MV Batteries, you enter T=2, L=1 and it will give you the optimal length of each segment (This includes the battery!). In the case of Annealed Copper Cable this turns out to be about 24.1, so 23 cables between each battery is optimal. For more information on other cables, see the table above.


== Transformers ==
== Transformers ==
[[File:Gregtech_Machines_Transformer.jpg|right|thumb|Picture of a Transformer in default mode transferring 1 amp of HV into 4 amps of MV.]]
Once you have crafted your first EBF and started MV tier, you will gain access to producing MV (Medium Voltage, 128V) which is great! However. You will need to transform this energy into LV power to use it with your existing LV machines since LV Machines will explode if they are given too high voltage.


''Main Article: [[Transformer]]''


Transformers convert EU between voltage tiers. In Step Up mode, they draw up to 4 amps of a lower voltage to fill their internal buffers, and draw from their internal buffers to produce 1A of a higher voltage. This can allow lower tier amps to power higher tier machines which may only draw 1-2 A for a recipe. Similarly, in Step Down mode, they draw 1 amp of a higher voltage to fill their internal buffers, and draw from their internal buffers to produce up to 4A of a lower voltage. This allows use of higher tier power generators with lower tier machines while preventing explosions. Use a [[GT Tools#Soft Mallet|Soft Mallet]] to switch the mode.
<gallery>
Gregtech_Machines_Transformer.jpg|Picture of a Transformer in default mode transferring 1 amp of HV into 4 amps of MV.
The single dotted side is the MV outputs while the HV input is the bigger, hollow circle on the left side
</gallery>


The big dot with a plus is the high voltage side and is the front face, while the five smaller circles are the lower voltage sides. Regardless of mode, the big dot is ''always'' for the higher voltage. That means in Step Up mode, transformers have one output, five inputs, and in Step Down mode, they have five outputs, one input.
The Transformer allows you to convert GT Energy between voltage tiers.
The big hollow circle is the Higher voltage side and is the front of the transformer, while the 5 smaller circles are the lower voltage sides.


The output loss section above applies to transformer outputs as well.
By default the Transformer is taking 1 amp of higher voltage and transforms it into 4 amps of lower voltage. This is also called Step-Down mode. Ingame it will say “Machine Active” when toggling to this mode.
You can also right click the transformer with a Soft Mallet to switch between its two modes.
In Inverted mode, Step-Up mode (“Machine Inactive”), the Transformer will take 4 amps of lower Voltage and transform it into 1 amp of Higher voltage.
Keep in mind that in this mode the lower voltage sides become the Input, and the higher voltage side is therefore the Output.


=== Power Transformer and Hi-Amp Transformer ===
You should never change mode on a transformer that has power. Always disconnect cables before switching mode on the Transformers.
The Power Transformer and the Hi-Amp Transformer work like an ordinary transformer with one exception:


The Hi-Amp Transformer will accept 4 amps of higher voltage and turn it into 16 amps of lower voltage in its default mode. In inverted mode it will transform 16amps lower voltage to 4 amps of higher voltage.
=== Power Transformer ===
The Power Transformer works like an ordinary transformer with one exception. It will accept 4 amps of higher voltage and turn it into 16 amps of lower voltage in its default mode.
In inverted mode it will transform 16amps lower voltage to 4 amps of higher voltage.


The Power Transformer will accept 16 amps of higher voltage and turn it into 64 amps of lower voltage in its default mode.
In inverted mode it will transform 64 amps lower voltage to 16 amps of higher voltage.


=== Active Transformer ===
The [[Active Transformer]] is a [[Multiblock|multiblock]] unlocked in [[ZPM]] tier that can transform to and from any voltage, accepting energy with an [[Energy Hatch]] and outputting energy with a [[Dynamo Hatch]]. '''Wrenching or modifying the Active Transformer while it is running will cause it to explode.'''


==Trivia==
==Machine explosions== <!--T:27-->
* GregTech's power system is called the GT Enet API (Enet).
Using GregTech machines without thought and care can be fairly unsafe. If a machine gets contact with rain on any of the 6 sides of the block, it can catch fire. If a machine gets lit on fire, it can explode.
* Since version 5.0 (for Minecraft 1.7.2), GregTech has its own Energy System since [[GregoriusT]] wasn't satisfied with [[IC2 Experimental]]'s Energy System.


{{Quotation|The reasons of why I removed compatibility to the IC² Enet are that Cable Loss doesn't work, that the Network doesn't have Packets anymore and that it switched from Integer to Double (what is horrible for larger Energy Storages). Not to mention that it is very hard to have control over Energy flow without constantly registering and unregistering TileEntities.|GregoriusT}}
==Energy conversions== <!--T:28-->
GregTech machines does not accept EU from IndustrialCraft² cables and some other mods EU powered blocks does not accept GregTech cables, thus there is the need to convert IC2 EU and GT5 EU back and forth.

<!--T:29-->
To convert IC2 EU into GT5 EU, simply connect (read put directly adjacent) a GT transformer input to an IC2 Energy Source output side.
This means connecting the output dot of a IC2 transformer/storage block to the input dot of a GT transformer.


==See Also==
<!--T:30-->
* [[Snagger's Electricity Guide for New Players]]
To convert GT5 EU into IC2 EU, simply connect GT cables to IC2 blocks
* [[Automatic Energy Toggle Guide]]


</div>


{{Template:Navbar GTNH}}
''Content in this page has been copied and possibly modified from the FTB Gamepedia Wiki([https://ftb.gamepedia.com/GregTech_5/Electricity] ) Such content is under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 License].''
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Energy]]

Latest revision as of 21:36, 1 July 2024

The Energy Unit (EU) is GregTech's measure of electricity. EU is used to power GregTech, IC2, and Applied Energistics 2 machines. It is also compatible with machines that accept Redstone Flux (RF) power, converting at a rate of 1 EU to 3.6 RF. RF cannot convert to EU.

GregTech machines and cables often do not interact with raw EU, but rather EU organized with the system of Voltage (Volts, V) and Amperage (Amps, A).

EU/t is a unit describing an amount of EU produced, moved, or consumed in a tick.

Quick Tip

  • If you have X generators of Tier Y, use cables that can handle X Amperes of Tier Y.

Voltage and Amperage

Voltages describe certain constants which are EU limits, and determine the Voltage Tiers.

Amps are packets, packages, or containers of EU. Amps are also often labeled with a voltage, to indicate how much EU they carry. A label indicates the amp holds anywhere from 1 more than the previous tier's EU limit to this tier's EU limit. For example, 1 LV Amp carries 9-32 EU (often 1-32 as ULV machines don't exist), and 1 MV Amp carries 33-128 EU.

Voltage Tiers

Main Article: Tier

GregTech tiers its progression by different voltages. The voltage of a Generator (or for a multiblock generator, its Dynamo Hatch) determines the maximum amount of EU it will generate and put in each generated amp. The voltage of a singleblock machine or Energy Hatch determines the maximum amount of EU that can be present in any drawn amp before the machine explodes. The minimum voltage tier of a machine to process a recipe is listed next to the usage or voltage in NEI.

The EU Limit of each subsequent tier is usually 4 times the previous.

Note: When used as numbers in calculations, ULV Tier counts as Tier 0, LV Tier counts as Tier 1, and so on.

Acronym Voltage Tier EU Limit
ULV Ultra Low Voltage 8
LV Low Voltage 32
MV Medium Voltage 128
HV High Voltage 512
EV Extreme Voltage 2,048
IV Insane Voltage 8,192
LuV Ludicrous Voltage 32,768
ZPM ZPM Voltage 131,072
UV Ultimate Voltage 524,288
UHV Highly Ultimate Voltage 2,097,152
UEV Extremely Ultimate Voltage 8,388,608
UIV Insanely Ultimate Voltage 33,554,432
UMV Mega Ultimate Voltage 134,217,728
UXV Extended Mega Ultimate Voltage 536,870,912
MAX Maximum Voltage 2,147,483,640

Amperage

Amps are pushed, not pulled. "Drawn" is synonymous with "accepted" here.

Machines and energy hatches can only draw amps in full to fill their internal EU buffers. The capacity of the internal buffer is listed as "Capacity:" in the machine's or hatch's tooltip. When processing a recipe, a machine will draw from its internal buffer. The current contents of the internal buffer can be checked with the Portable Scanner.

The maximum amount of amps a machine can draw is either listed on its tooltip or recipe-dependent. A machine can draw up to a maximum of amps to fill its internal buffer. This means that if the machine isn't processing a recipe, it will draw 1 amp to refill the internal buffer. Recipe amperages listed in NEI are a recommended number to fill the internal buffer at a rate that breaks even against usage.

Several common amperages of GregTech machines can be found in the table below. "Drawing" means "draws up to", unless otherwise stated.

Output amps contain the maximum EU for the outputting machine's voltage tier.

Machine Notes
Singleblock Generators Output 1A of its tier
Energy Hatches Draws 2A (second amp mostly for extra draw for loss)
Transformers Step-Up Draws 4A lower voltage, outputs 1A higher voltage
Transformers Step-Down Draws 1A higher voltage, outputs 4A lower voltage
Battery Buffers Draws 2A per Battery, outputs 1A per Battery.
Battery Chargers Draws 4-8A per Battery, outputs 2-4A per Battery correspondingly.
Arc Furnace Most recipes require 3A to break even against EU/t usage
Thermal Centrifuge Most recipes require 2A to break even against EU/t usage

Overclocking

Main Article: Overclock

Machines of higher tiers can receive overclocks to speed up their recipes.

Regular overclocks double the recipe's speed and total EU consumption, leading to quadrupled EU/t usage. For this reason, overclocking is also called 2/4 overclocking.

A perfect overclock instead quadruples the recipe's speed while keeping the total EU consumption the same. This still leads to quadrupled EU/t usage. For this reason, perfect overclocking is also called 4/4 overclocking.

Machines typically receive one overclock per voltage tier above the minimum required for a recipe.

Singleblock machines can only ever regular overclock.

Multiblock machines perfect overclock on a case-by-case basis; their tooltips contain information on how to achieve perfect overclocks or upgrade overclocks to perfect overclocks. If no information is mentioned, they will regular overclock.

Multiblocks with two energy hatches of the same voltage will always draw 4A to overclock a recipe to a tier higher than the energy hatch voltage (since 4A of the lower voltage contains the same EU as 1A of the higher voltage). This also allows them to run recipes with a minimum requirement of that higher voltage tier.

Cables and Loss

Main Article: Cable

GregTech EU can be transferred using GregTech Cables.

Rather than priority by destination, power priority is given by cardinal direction. Cables will push power in the following priority:

  1. Down
  2. Up
  3. North
  4. South
  5. West
  6. East

When producing power, each generator will always attempt to empty all of its internal buffer at once. This can cause one generator in a cable network to use fuel more rapidly than another, with order depending on tile entity processing and changing on chunk reloads.

All GT Cables have a max Voltage, max Amperage and a Loss/Meter/Ampere, indicated on their tooltip:

  • Cables which receive amps containing more EU than their maximum Voltage will catch fire and melt.
  • Cables that have more amps travelling through them than their maximum Amperage limit will catch fire and melt.
    Note that machines can request more Amperage than strictly required by their active recipe.
  • Each amp travelling through a cable loses EU per block travelled. The amount of EU lost is indicated by the Loss/Meter/Ampere number.

Each Material has 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, and 16x uninsulated Wires. Most of these have cable variants, except for the superconductor wires, graphene wires, and Infinity wire. Note that Uninsulated Wires have twice the Loss/Meter/Ampere as Insulated Cables.

For example:

  • A 1x Tin Cable can handle 1A containing 32EU at a loss of 1 EU-Volt/Meter/Ampere. This means that 1 amp can travel 32 blocks before it dies.
  • A 1x Tin Wire can handle 1A containing 32EU at a loss of 2 EU-Volt/Meter/Ampere. In this case, the amp can travel 16 blocks only.

Below is a table of the current properties of various types of cables in GregTech:

Material Max Voltage (EU) 1x Insulated Cable Max Amperage (Amp) Loss/Meter/Amp (EU) Length until 0 Power (Meter)
Tin 32 1 1 32
Cobalt 32 2 2 16
Lead 32 2 2 16
Zinc 32 1 1 32
Soldering Alloy 32 1 1 32
Iron 128 2 3 43
Nickel 128 3 3 43
Cupronickel 128 2 3 43
Copper 128 1 2 64
Annealed Copper 128 1 1 128
Kanthal 512 4 3 171
Gold 512 3 2 256
Electrum 512 2 2 256
Silver 512 1 1 512
Blue Alloy 512 2 1 512
Energetic Alloy 512 2 2 256
Nichrome 2,048 3 4 512
Steel 2,048 2 2 1024
Black Steel 2,048 3 2 ?
Titanium 2,048 4 2 ?
TPV-Alloy 2,048 6 1 ?
Vibrant Alloy 2,048 4 2 ?
Aluminium 2,048 1 1 2048
Graphene* 8,192 1 2 8192
Osmium 8,192 4 2 4096
Platinum 8,192 2 1 8192
Tungstensteel 8,192 3 2 ?
Tungsten 8,192 2 2 ?
Melodic Alloy 8,192 4 2 4096
HSS-G 32,768 4 2 16384
Niobium-Titanium 32,768 4 2 16384
Vanadium-Gallium 32,768 4 2 16384
Yttrium Barium Cuprate 32,768 4 4 8192
Stellar Alloy 32,768 6 4 ?
HSS-E 32,768 6 2 ?
Osmiridium 32,768 8 1 ?
Naquadah 131,072 2 2 ?
Trinium 131,072 6 4 ?
Signalium 131,072 12 4 ?
Naquadah Alloy 524,288 2 4 ?
Duranium 524,288 1 8 ?
Fluxed Electrum 524,288 3 1 ?
Lumiium 524,288 8 16 ?
Ichorium* 2,097,152 12 2 ?
Bedrockium 2,097,152 2 1 ?
HSS-S 2,097,152 6 4 ?
Draconium 8,388,608 8 4 ?
Nether Star 33,554,432 4 4 ?
Hypogen 33,554,432 8 0 inf.
Quantium 134,217,728 2 4 ?
Black Plutonium* 536,870,912 1 16 ?
Awakened Draconium 2,147,483,640 1 16 ?
Red Alloy 8 1 0 inf.
Redstone Alloy 32 1 0 inf.
Superconductor MV* 128 4 0 inf.
Superconductor HV* 512 6 0 inf.
Superconductor EV* 2,048 8 0 inf.
Superconductor IV* 8,192 12 0 inf.
Superconductor LuV* 32,768 16 0 inf.
Superconductor ZPM* 131,072 24 0 inf.
Superconductor UV* 524,288 32 0 inf.
Superconductor UHV* 2,097,152 48 0 inf.
Superconductor UEV* 8,388,608 64 0 inf.
Superconductor UIV* 33,554,432 64 0 inf.
Superconductor UMV* 134,217,728 64 0 inf.
Infinity 2,147,483,640 8,192 0 inf.
SpaceTime 2,147,483,640 1,000,000 0 inf.
Superconductor Base MV* 128 1 2 ?
Superconductor Base HV* 512 2 8 ?
Superconductor Base EV* 2,048 3 16 ?
Superconductor Base IV* 8,192 4 64 ?
Superconductor Base LuV* 32,768 6 256 ?
Superconductor Base ZPM* 131,072 8 1,024 ?
Superconductor Base UV* 524,288 12 4,096 ?
Superconductor Base UHV* 2,097,152 16 16,384 ?
Superconductor Base UEV* 8,388,608 24 65,536 ?
Superconductor Base UIV* 33,554,432 32 262,144 ?
Superconductor Base UMV* 134,217,728 32 1,048,576 ?

(*) No insulated version

Superconductors start from MV, and their amperages vary per tier.

Multi-Amp Generation

Main Article: Dynamo Hatch

Multiblock Generators use Dynamo Hatches to output power. These come in 1A, 4A, 16A, and 64A variants. These generators will always attempt to fill existing generated amps with EU before generating more amps.

Output Loss


Any GT Block outputting EU has an energy loss on output. This means there is no such thing as lossless power transfer. A power outputting singleblock will take EU from its internal buffer and output EU (which is always the maximum EU one amp of that voltage tier can hold). For example, a LV Combustion Generator draws 33 EU from its internal buffer to generate 1 amp holding 32 EU. The energy lost is therefore . ULV is an exception, having the same loss value as LV, i.e. 1 EU.

Tier Output (EU) Loss (EU) Loss (%) Internal Buffer Consumption (EU)
ULV 8 1 12.5 9
LV 32 1 3.0303 33
MV 128 2 1.5384 130
HV 512 4 0.77519 516
EV 2048 8 0.38911 2056
IV 8192 16 0.19493 8208
LuV 32768 32 0.097561 32800
ZPM 131072 64 0.048804 131136
UV 524288 128 0.024408 524416

Transformers

Picture of a Transformer in default mode transferring 1 amp of HV into 4 amps of MV.

Main Article: Transformer

Transformers convert EU between voltage tiers. In Step Up mode, they draw up to 4 amps of a lower voltage to fill their internal buffers, and draw from their internal buffers to produce 1A of a higher voltage. This can allow lower tier amps to power higher tier machines which may only draw 1-2 A for a recipe. Similarly, in Step Down mode, they draw 1 amp of a higher voltage to fill their internal buffers, and draw from their internal buffers to produce up to 4A of a lower voltage. This allows use of higher tier power generators with lower tier machines while preventing explosions. Use a Soft Mallet to switch the mode.

The big dot with a plus is the high voltage side and is the front face, while the five smaller circles are the lower voltage sides. Regardless of mode, the big dot is always for the higher voltage. That means in Step Up mode, transformers have one output, five inputs, and in Step Down mode, they have five outputs, one input.

The output loss section above applies to transformer outputs as well.

Power Transformer and Hi-Amp Transformer

The Power Transformer and the Hi-Amp Transformer work like an ordinary transformer with one exception:

The Hi-Amp Transformer will accept 4 amps of higher voltage and turn it into 16 amps of lower voltage in its default mode. In inverted mode it will transform 16amps lower voltage to 4 amps of higher voltage.

The Power Transformer will accept 16 amps of higher voltage and turn it into 64 amps of lower voltage in its default mode. In inverted mode it will transform 64 amps lower voltage to 16 amps of higher voltage.

Active Transformer

The Active Transformer is a multiblock unlocked in ZPM tier that can transform to and from any voltage, accepting energy with an Energy Hatch and outputting energy with a Dynamo Hatch. Wrenching or modifying the Active Transformer while it is running will cause it to explode.

Trivia

  • GregTech's power system is called the GT Enet API (Enet).
  • Since version 5.0 (for Minecraft 1.7.2), GregTech has its own Energy System since GregoriusT wasn't satisfied with IC2 Experimental's Energy System.

The reasons of why I removed compatibility to the IC² Enet are that Cable Loss doesn't work, that the Network doesn't have Packets anymore and that it switched from Integer to Double (what is horrible for larger Energy Storages). Not to mention that it is very hard to have control over Energy flow without constantly registering and unregistering TileEntities.

— GregoriusT

See Also

Retrieved from "https://wiki.gtnewhorizons.com/wiki/Electricity?oldid=10934"